How to Build a Deck

1. 1

   Pull a permit and locate utilities

   Any deck over 30" off grade needs a permit in almost every USA jurisdiction. Call 811 to mark buried utilities before you dig a single footing.

2. 2

   Install the ledger board

   Attach a pressure-treated ledger to the house band joist with 1/2" structural lag screws or through-bolts every 16" staggered. Install proper Z-flashing above the ledger. This is where 60% of deck failures start — do it right.

3. 3

   Dig footings

   Locate posts using batter boards and string lines. Dig below frost depth (varies 12"–48" by climate zone). Pour concrete footings with post bases embedded.

4. 4

   Set posts and beams

   Set 6x6 posts on the bases, brace plumb. Cut to height, then build a doubled 2x10 or 2x12 beam on top with structural screws.

5. 5

   Frame the joists

   Attach joists to the ledger with joist hangers and to the beam with hurricane ties. Standard spacing is 16" on center for wood decking, 12" for many composites (check the manufacturer's span chart).

6. 6

   Install decking

   Start at the house and work outward. Leave a 1/8" gap between boards for drainage. Use hidden fasteners for grooved composite; stainless deck screws for wood.

7. 7

   Build stairs and railings

   Stair rise 7", run 11" is the code sweet spot. Railings must be 36" high (residential) or 42" (commercial) with balusters no more than 4" apart.

Safety note: this guide is educational. Always follow local building codes, pull required permits, and hire a licensed pro for structural, electrical, gas or plumbing work when in doubt.